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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
c* w0 D6 H. I: C% lBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 a' ]* b/ s/ d4 bExposure to Testosterone
; U0 Y' |1 z0 {, b; cSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' g3 C6 q) ]4 O/ i- l" n# Z0 xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 L- J3 V% a& p( V2 g$ f
Clinical Pediatrics" h |$ }! u5 ?) y1 N; }1 C A" o
Volume 46 Number 6- B) V( N; k' K
July 2007 540-543
6 F& E' V; z- B5 V7 P, j© 2007 Sage Publications
6 y0 L( I. W' I( S( w8 O: O10.1177/0009922806296651
/ J! u4 U" }3 d7 c; w y6 Zhttp://clp.sagepub.com) p t7 J, Y- O( S" b9 r$ d
hosted at
9 k" |1 k# h k1 a& Lhttp://online.sagepub.com
7 {3 r _" C8 A' ?- I: D8 i j/ P" [Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- d. ^9 q. r1 f2 D- I! R+ @0 {) nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 N6 X, B0 T7 y7 Y9 Iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: L I$ l( E0 p5 R2 Dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' x: _. a6 ?1 G. @$ Y8 _0 i" ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 f6 }! H+ ?2 Z+ c2 v4 @0 Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ ~% S5 `* o# p: h4 u
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) y: M3 _9 [" b9 z8 X* _+ m: y$ _$ C
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& i- c. Y$ o, D2 v' C- K, K6 Y; Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) J% j7 k: d! V
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" @+ {8 X$ U; E J7 ^3 _
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' G8 Y: E# `* g( T7 sment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ ~6 n7 g2 f" p+ Rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. p4 m) m9 C- e- p3 Uthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 K' G$ O3 `+ i1 Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) ^5 V1 ~5 p/ P6 H! J3 Ochild. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 j* f% Z) q9 n, W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 E8 W% }5 h3 D; {. mbly more common than the rare case report in the0 I; n X- r* {* E
literature.4: o9 ]" J& n: ]3 e
Patient Report
9 c0 h/ b: {% KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 G2 C- d0 c4 ^$ a6 E" Z# Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" S1 I0 O) Z1 p/ @of early sexual development. His mother noticed" H" [- l, K4 s4 a* {" M& d# h
light colored pubic hair development when he was# j" @0 k2 ]& {5 d- f# T$ o5 f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ u& ? r* e) j( Z3 H) E/ r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( J Z6 b! F' l2 _) |' Z7 M W
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 L" [5 m5 ^: {
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" C' {; A! F6 H0 M) b; b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ A( V' \8 T+ O0 h: P+ F
e-mail: [email protected].1 \$ t/ {! L6 m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& P) w2 O! v' A( l0 Idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, y+ t6 Y6 Z% F. \8 g9 G0 ~, J3 \ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child9 m! b5 x$ E* s$ R$ M+ X
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* |0 z ~' p9 F" S& Ua birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& n: ?: y2 ^8 W9 p, p( d) q# b$ u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
% g1 [+ E# W8 J$ ^ tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 X9 q' y: @( I; Y0 ? A: Isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* Q5 O- T# }( ~' f
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ X T/ h5 j6 I3 L( Z0 ]
was age appropriate." h' _7 n6 N& ^5 K* ~8 `
The family history was remarkable for the father,/ e+ {! }& z- Z, u( x7 F, L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 N( z+ R, Z8 F! ]$ Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* Q( f4 c; q' ]0 ~
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) T- A( [! w0 R, P6 H, I8 I5 m# u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) Y! K# `, k1 h
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 O4 ? n( N# S! Nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 B& |8 g2 J. G, j5 H n l
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ o4 f5 A B" w+ G* e; ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, W. H. a3 D8 k; Y7 \% c
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ f; k# v+ [8 R1 P9 y& Ztives. There were no siblings.- e5 b$ F' p# u1 |* r) C: t
Physical Examination, D7 o! t2 [+ |7 _. Q( z# R
The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 u) @/ v, M& oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' X9 p! D; b G- U( x
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 {. ^7 w% X* N( e& l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. _2 f! p; z/ |. g7 [% v1 k(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& F5 ]/ U8 d) n1 t4 f6 R0 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* M; x) a. i2 i" q1 e
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
7 o! p6 ?; h9 ^The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 ]! v5 S! z2 X+ Yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ _, e" _, M ?6 c2 w( [8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well" l9 U. R+ |6 O! Z& U' |9 s3 E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 V: N$ v, O$ [1 t, s8 z- B# T8 S% T3 }
5405 `0 `* {, L6 H% L3 n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- U. d" g, b- S
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 g$ w6 m0 D. D& z- f; q! J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! j1 ~/ y9 y, i Z AThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 p* U+ r/ h" x! W0 roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ X$ \/ z ?. J' S3 |abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., X7 c# }# \4 L8 f% D/ o, J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 z! l1 ~; u, O4 D/ s j- Lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; f- H$ m# S1 A) S" ^0 g
of papilledema.
' R4 G$ y2 U) j# }! U c. O5 Y, s; o& SLaboratory Evaluation
) P5 t0 h* t- F4 U$ x+ ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 Z# `) X$ \- @( I) zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
$ \( U* r4 Q2 @" j2 Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ l' h! R& m3 B1 d# [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% z/ C" x: J+ \ L; E: jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ d7 _. a8 a$ x- q- n" v, d/ M1 t5 hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: d9 _/ s/ v: M9 k; jThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- r/ Y; [6 i: Y% y" V- q7 Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' n; I3 ~7 r; B. k, ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration4 }8 Y; A3 O" H& X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) m& H s; W2 V2 @3 U$ U/ ^; ?, r(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& V8 @" q; d v- L+ B3 M7 Z3 ]ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 l C. O) V m, f' H
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
e Y# G5 i8 j$ w0 }4 W: S/ idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to& u6 f8 @: M3 ~" @/ @% [/ ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 z/ |5 P; A' o u; z& m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' y0 y4 v" [; o$ {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 m" M4 P0 m1 k. l$ f2 mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),3 S' {1 `% K0 L, e8 j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: E9 O7 ?/ }3 ^4 @4 z' w ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
/ [7 E; x: d& k; D( k8 A- kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 F. M) l# e: q- c+ A. H- uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! {. {& t+ V% m. }5 L- G( E(prepubertal).
S9 u6 h, F7 {( L7 o1 k# D6 HThe parents were notified about the laboratory
! b6 ?6 ^! H" S, s. ^& n3 [! kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
* h) m- t% V H: f3 p, X6 Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
! T6 L5 y5 r i& gfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
J! C8 F- y! o% J- Z+ vobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
y7 M: m1 a8 g: zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 u1 q3 G! v$ Y% p) X' aPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" X# N7 a) u' f$ L# wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ t- ^( z, n2 F, E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 l( [! B3 v9 c* o; O: l& Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ P z# X6 p" k, M* a; a* Rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: W$ O, M; W) d/ T' O$ mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 s0 x+ b, d+ i) V. v4 ]
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& g% o) h+ N4 {) T; M& K' ~
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 J8 m/ i* z+ y. Z/ t1 cing frequent erections.
' K1 D2 y C, M( W3 FBoth parents were again questioned about use of
$ c1 b; {( T( S" iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# N' m! G b: a" othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: M/ ]& h G0 U& |+ L5 V( }4 y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, G4 N6 C/ A0 N9 ]
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* \6 G T8 Z+ a1 G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ b" O. `3 T- f3 R0 ~: j1 oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 z1 U& K5 ]! v3 I/ x8 N
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ S4 Z% c; T& W4 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 O* \" R) n' z
secondary to depression.: B5 g7 l1 w8 H' c: s
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# c0 N7 ?1 f3 \9 n: S- i2 F! D7 VThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# B1 j g, T6 F. ~& f2 x% Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 t; l7 k) J8 x0 `! j. M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
9 E( d B" ^1 Q3 tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" X% _2 W, o4 h k" mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
) }8 W3 C( [/ p/ X8 W: Xwas high, he then read the product information0 w8 q6 O$ j! O& W
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
% z1 z: _; _3 s1 {, s$ Oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 y0 E/ a- s2 O k4 s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 @% J5 R5 x& ~8 _0 X7 Pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 @; S0 Q: k, ^9 [" \been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 q6 Q/ U' u) d( j9 K. b! Htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! `, B2 C) T+ Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
$ ]; a; S# k y+ bDiscussion
7 h8 Z2 T7 y. Q& M0 @' _3 NPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( I0 I1 v0 @3 k2 isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; g e& ?* G, y6 g1 }
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ q2 i4 d1 y- I6 }7 o# Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 P: K7 x M! v( ^1 H: B rthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, L y, k+ y; k: j- v2 e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( I. O D8 R S5 ^may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* h% w, `0 k1 b( a) ?- |9 Jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 n ]. ]$ }$ g$ d6 z: X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! U( R8 P, Y' ]/ N! Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 P# r; ~5 b% W: ?8 y- G6 z" ]& hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ m' Q* ~2 ^ x# Y, M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 i2 S. o. T$ |# zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* |3 T! [0 p( S7 Y& N0 Q
gonadotropins.1,32 ^: _& z, r4 U; `# W! q! P
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 O: w' X2 E8 O2 ^- ~( o3 ~cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 n: u: M! F( a: F2 nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 F4 N# e2 m" @# X
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ p5 J* u9 `, Gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 `* i+ n! f/ A y, tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive! B/ k' z( L, t7 Q5 C; t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: {! C0 p7 i5 d# W4 t* w
puberty in boys.3,4 E' ?- d4 m6 m+ [
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 Q7 _. y- d& }hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 S& ?% o7 K# S* Q. g
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 \ D5 w: m# h! B+ Fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
% @7 |" r4 b0 j& _, ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ G: k/ G1 K( Z9 q( w7 zexcess.1,3
: k3 e G1 R8 Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" q8 a; m8 b5 l542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 P! }$ @3 E' \A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! Q7 l( P4 O& U& eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
( [; {2 }& o- Z" g+ a% Bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ a1 Q7 @8 h4 w& I$ \# |very young age. The physical findings in these boys& b! `9 w& ^( S) K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
) ^3 d. G8 \ c& G( J0 fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- Y, {" W# J8 q# u/ Jwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 ?1 x$ P9 P1 a1 d: U
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 \: q& m" z- [0 K9 v# z: E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% g) m1 b+ ~8 H; m4 q! q, Lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 `: {; m$ U% H
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 T' K G& m3 X: zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
, [$ A6 @# J6 f7 V3 b b! Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3! S# ?, D! ^: x9 x8 X
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 ]1 ^% i7 n6 r0 b3 f, X9 K4 q- ~sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 ]% X: g/ p4 w( ]; G/ M* xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" y! E9 v9 h( l4 V& W5 o6 R
was in the differential diagnosis because his father, S# H, V: P0 l/ {2 @
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% q* @7 {- o" t& ?" V4 etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ ]$ L5 ]* q' [$ {0 `; f
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" P) [; F: h5 U- a H/ U) U
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* g0 v5 v! {, s: N& u8 Ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 z3 ]. ]' T4 B2 peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! x& r8 c3 {+ R! H4 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* `& `2 v( W: i, ring the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 Q4 c$ Z- M2 I6 ?% cThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 s& ], i I% Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because+ C2 r1 n$ R' Q6 W& O& Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( m* p6 p9 O' R5 b8 Jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 Z$ e* c$ |8 _# t! x
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 m$ y0 v" \( q( y( r! V
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 j* V* F. U4 @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ K: P+ B0 t/ ~/ z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ e, J4 G5 J5 ^) {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& \" x0 z! e o* ?, d s! t: R
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 V% J( f6 h$ B# ^! |! d! ISerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ U, `) {- i& Q( c2 R! Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to' }- [) c, \" K& r
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 w7 a" q, b3 R/ [0 R6 Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 K- N/ ?* m9 z9 z/ z/ K
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented. m- z) E: s5 q0 d
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 a" X2 B9 X( {" z0 \3 E2 y' xwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 c7 h% M, A8 }* m+ Q& g+ }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ ]" l9 B' o9 r0 A5 c( p- Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 M% H# A# q2 d" t1 n$ nactive in young children exposed to testosterone5 e5 l+ V5 a {% X0 F
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- A4 B; \0 ?7 s9 ^0 b- I9 X9 Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ X( \6 }' d# E% r* c0 B
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( p) m' c: m" Q2 F5 ]
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( Q( ?0 N* P, dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& B; A2 R) M9 S/ R$ l0 q I
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# Y6 L1 ?. {: q" Nearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& }- ?: p+ V6 m0 l6 B2 ^* \+ n$ | Yadult height are not fully known and always remain* l6 f L6 P1 Z9 ?
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
% L, e. l- A+ [# u" a- Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 T. Z5 b, X9 a& |% dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" M/ q5 X* E* _3 S
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( _, \* V6 f& X# w# U- k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' b3 }/ a- r, b3 \# O8 wThere are conflicting reports and controversy
\. i( g5 @5 E9 S1 {over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 K' S# C8 t3 p2 M
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, a/ K" C' ~$ u8 U) W
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! H9 {6 N$ }( }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. G F4 c: @3 Z. G! @' K: B
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 v) `6 z: Z9 x% \
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# m0 \4 a9 U* }$ ]8 t# @ ypenile length in clinical studies./ N% T# P) ^. y5 A# J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ Z# p: j2 H8 L, l: Ygoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 k% g( |, a/ r" @$ W
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. u( s& w% n0 w3 [$ [
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: ~3 t$ h/ S6 D- v! y; EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of2 n8 i7 _( ~4 u+ ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 v: S3 T4 g3 W( u
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 y* O' P6 Q* K$ {height will not be affected.
1 f$ Z& \5 h( j, u4 S: SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ B" {/ o/ ^/ lability of androgen products in our society may
) N( [) w' M2 t. H# A2 ^indeed cause more virilization in male or female3 O9 e$ i6 g1 r) b
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. u2 M6 x) e7 ]; T' t& {9 z3 n
gen products must be considered and specific ques-& ~ z1 a" K1 O) e6 R+ B2 Y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
K9 Q8 @8 ~1 N$ t; U- @! Ogel should be asked of the family members during6 w. x3 s4 M+ B7 r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: }" b$ u, M) J/ w! _
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- G: r! l% C2 [6 mnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
& k7 n& t( g3 o4 `4 eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ x7 V/ u* p0 {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 Y' I9 Z/ D C3 x
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 V- `, O+ Z4 M% {7 b
investigation. The primary care physician should be% h7 B, R& r$ c* s# ~9 o0 ?7 z
aware of this fact, because most of these children! i, _, g2 [+ d8 t
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; N2 P% r( d9 W- a& L3 f
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a e1 u. W; g/ o( @( P+ G
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ s6 B+ ]- J3 a/ s! _ Qfemale child who might come in contact with some-. Z8 ?! b2 t$ r
one using any of these products.
% ^* T; o$ e# q& t7 t& t2 bReferences
0 k7 y( f& q* q- w- B1 d$ e1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 h; k. l _) E
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 Q5 r. n& L2 U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 \9 x) y9 q4 s4 t
2002: 565-628.% {0 O. z J. O
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' F5 P4 f- L8 ?' a8 I5 G8 y" C
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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