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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  c* w0 D6 H. I: C% lBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 a' ]* b/ s/ d4 bExposure to Testosterone
; U0 Y' |1 z0 {, b; cSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' g3 C6 q) ]4 O/ i- l" n# Z0 xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 L- J3 V% a& p( V2 g$ f
Clinical Pediatrics" h  |$ }! u5 ?) y1 N; }1 C  A" o
Volume 46 Number 6- B) V( N; k' K
July 2007 540-543
6 F& E' V; z- B5 V7 P, j© 2007 Sage Publications
6 y0 L( I. W' I( S( w8 O: O10.1177/0009922806296651
/ J! u4 U" }3 d7 c; w  y6 Zhttp://clp.sagepub.com) p  t7 J, Y- O( S" b9 r$ d
hosted at
9 k" |1 k# h  k1 a& Lhttp://online.sagepub.com
7 {3 r  _" C8 A' ?- I: D8 i  j/ P" [Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- d. ^9 q. r1 f2 D- I! R+ @0 {) nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 N6 X, B0 T7 y7 Y9 Iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: L  I$ l( E0 p5 R2 Dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' x: _. a6 ?1 G. @$ Y8 _0 i" ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 f6 }! H+ ?2 Z+ c2 v4 @0 Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ ~% S5 `* o# p: h4 u
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) y: M3 _9 [" b9 z8 X* _+ m: y$ _$ C
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& i- c. Y$ o, D2 v' C- K, K6 Y; Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) J% j7 k: d! V
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" @+ {8 X$ U; E  J7 ^3 _
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' G8 Y: E# `* g( T7 sment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ ~6 n7 g2 f" p+ Rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. p4 m) m9 C- e- p3 Uthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 K' G$ O3 `+ i1 Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) ^5 V1 ~5 p/ P6 H! J3 Ochild. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 j* f% Z) q9 n, W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 E8 W% }5 h3 D; {. mbly more common than the rare case report in the0 I; n  X- r* {* E
literature.4: o9 ]" J& n: ]3 e
Patient Report
9 c0 h/ b: {% KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 G2 C- d0 c4 ^$ a6 E" Z# Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" S1 I0 O) Z1 p/ @of early sexual development. His mother noticed" H" [- l, K4 s4 a* {" M& d# h
light colored pubic hair development when he was# j" @0 k2 ]& {5 d- f# T$ o5 f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ u& ?  r* e) j( Z3 H) E/ r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( J  Z6 b! F' l2 _) |' Z7 M  W
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 L" [5 m5 ^: {
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" C' {; A! F6 H0 M) b; b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ A( V' \8 T+ O0 h: P+ F
e-mail: [email protected].1 \$ t/ {! L6 m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& P) w2 O! v' A( l0 Idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, y+ t6 Y6 Z% F. \8 g9 G0 ~, J3 \ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child9 m! b5 x$ E* s$ R$ M+ X
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* |0 z  ~' p9 F" S& Ua birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& n: ?: y2 ^8 W9 p, p( d) q# b$ u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
% g1 [+ E# W8 J$ ^  tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 X9 q' y: @( I; Y0 ?  A: Isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* Q5 O- T# }( ~' f
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ X  T/ h5 j6 I3 L( Z0 ]
was age appropriate." h' _7 n6 N& ^5 K* ~8 `
The family history was remarkable for the father,/ e+ {! }& z- Z, u( x7 F, L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 N( z+ R, Z8 F! ]$ Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* Q( f4 c; q' ]0 ~
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) T- A( [! w0 R, P6 H, I8 I5 m# u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) Y! K# `, k1 h
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 O4 ?  n( N# S! Nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 B& |8 g2 J. G, j5 H  n  l
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ o4 f5 A  B" w+ G* e; ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, W. H. a3 D8 k; Y7 \% c
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ f; k# v+ [8 R1 P9 y& Ztives. There were no siblings.- e5 b$ F' p# u1 |* r) C: t
Physical Examination, D7 o! t2 [+ |7 _. Q( z# R
The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 u) @/ v, M& oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' X9 p! D; b  G- U( x
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 {. ^7 w% X* N( e& l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. _2 f! p; z/ |. g7 [% v1 k(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& F5 ]/ U8 d) n1 t4 f6 R0 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* M; x) a. i2 i" q1 e
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
7 o! p6 ?; h9 ^The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 ]! v5 S! z2 X+ Yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ _, e" _, M  ?6 c2 w( [8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well" l9 U. R+ |6 O! Z& U' |9 s3 E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 V: N$ v, O$ [1 t, s8 z- B# T8 S% T3 }
5405 `0 `* {, L6 H% L3 n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- U. d" g, b- S
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 g$ w6 m0 D. D& z- f; q! J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! j1 ~/ y9 y, i  Z  AThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 p* U+ r/ h" x! W0 roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ X$ \/ z  ?. J' S3 |abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., X7 c# }# \4 L8 f% D/ o, J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 z! l1 ~; u, O4 D/ s  j- Lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; f- H$ m# S1 A) S" ^0 g
of papilledema.
' R4 G$ y2 U) j# }! U  c. O5 Y, s; o& SLaboratory Evaluation
) P5 t0 h* t- F4 U$ x+ ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 Z# `) X$ \- @( I) zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
$ \( U* r4 Q2 @" j2 Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ l' h! R& m3 B1 d# [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% z/ C" x: J+ \  L; E: jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ d7 _. a8 a$ x- q- n" v, d/ M1 t5 hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: d9 _/ s/ v: M9 k; jThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- r/ Y; [6 i: Y% y" V- q7 Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' n; I3 ~7 r; B. k, ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration4 }8 Y; A3 O" H& X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) m& H  s; W2 V2 @3 U$ U/ ^; ?, r(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& V8 @" q; d  v- L+ B3 M7 Z3 ]ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 l  C. O) V  m, f' H
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
  e  Y# G5 i8 j$ w0 }4 W: S/ idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to& u6 f8 @: M3 ~" @/ @% [/ ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 z/ |5 P; A' o  u; z& m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' y0 y4 v" [; o$ {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 m" M4 P0 m1 k. l$ f2 mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),3 S' {1 `% K0 L, e8 j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: E9 O7 ?/ }3 ^4 @4 z' w  ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
/ [7 E; x: d& k; D( k8 A- kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 F. M) l# e: q- c+ A. H- uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! {. {& t+ V% m. }5 L- G( E(prepubertal).
  S9 u6 h, F7 {( L7 o1 k# D6 HThe parents were notified about the laboratory
! b6 ?6 ^! H" S, s. ^& n3 [! kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
* h) m- t% V  H: f3 p, X6 Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
! T6 L5 y5 r  i& gfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
  J! C8 F- y! o% J- Z+ vobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  y7 M: m1 a8 g: zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 u1 q3 G! v$ Y% p) X' aPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" X# N7 a) u' f$ L# wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ t- ^( z, n2 F, E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 l( [! B3 v9 c* o; O: l& Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ P  z# X6 p" k, M* a; a* Rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: W$ O, M; W) d/ T' O$ mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 s0 x+ b, d+ i) V. v4 ]
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& g% o) h+ N4 {) T; M& K' ~
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 J8 m/ i* z+ y. Z/ t1 cing frequent erections.
' K1 D2 y  C, M( W3 FBoth parents were again questioned about use of
$ c1 b; {( T( S" iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# N' m! G  b: a" othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: M/ ]& h  G0 U& |+ L5 V( }4 y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, G4 N6 C/ A0 N9 ]
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* \6 G  T8 Z+ a1 G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ b" O. `3 T- f3 R0 ~: j1 oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 z1 U& K5 ]! v3 I/ x8 N
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ S4 Z% c; T& W4 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 O* \" R) n' z
secondary to depression.: B5 g7 l1 w8 H' c: s
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# c0 N7 ?1 f3 \9 n: S- i2 F! D7 VThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# B1 j  g, T6 F. ~& f2 x% Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 t; l7 k) J8 x0 `! j. M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
9 E( d  B" ^1 Q3 tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" X% _2 W, o4 h  k" mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
) }8 W3 C( [/ p/ X8 W: Xwas high, he then read the product information0 w8 q6 O$ j! O& W
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
% z1 z: _; _3 s1 {, s$ Oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 y0 E/ a- s2 O  k4 s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 @% J5 R5 x& ~8 _0 X7 Pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 @; S0 Q: k, ^9 [" \been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 q6 Q/ U' u) d( j9 K. b! Htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! `, B2 C) T+ Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
$ ]; a; S# k  y+ bDiscussion
7 h8 Z2 T7 y. Q& M0 @' _3 NPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( I0 I1 v0 @3 k2 isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; g  e& ?* G, y6 g1 }
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ q2 i4 d1 y- I6 }7 o# Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 P: K7 x  M! v( ^1 H: B  rthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, L  y, k+ y; k: j- v2 e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( I. O  D8 R  S5 ^may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* h% w, `0 k1 b( a) ?- |9 Jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 n  ]. ]$ }$ g$ d6 z: X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! U( R8 P, Y' ]/ N! Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 P# r; ~5 b% W: ?8 y- G6 z" ]& hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ m' Q* ~2 ^  x# Y, M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 i2 S. o. T$ |# zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* |3 T! [0 p( S7 Y& N0 Q
gonadotropins.1,32 ^: _& z, r4 U; `# W! q! P
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 O: w' X2 E8 O2 ^- ~( o3 ~cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 n: u: M! F( a: F2 nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 F4 N# e2 m" @# X
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ p5 J* u9 `, Gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 `* i+ n! f/ A  y, tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive! B/ k' z( L, t7 Q5 C; t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: {! C0 p7 i5 d# W4 t* w
puberty in boys.3,4  E' ?- d4 m6 m+ [
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 Q7 _. y- d& }hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 S& ?% o7 K# S* Q. g
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 \  D5 w: m# h! B+ Fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
% @7 |" r4 b0 j& _, ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ G: k/ G1 K( Z9 q( w7 zexcess.1,3
: k3 e  G1 R8 Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" q8 a; m8 b5 l542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 P! }$ @3 E' \A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! Q7 l( P4 O& U& eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
( [; {2 }& o- Z" g+ a% Bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ a1 Q7 @8 h4 w& I$ \# |very young age. The physical findings in these boys& b! `9 w& ^( S) K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
) ^3 d. G8 \  c& G( J0 fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- Y, {" W# J8 q# u/ Jwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 ?1 x$ P9 P1 a1 d: U
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 \: q& m" z- [0 K9 v# z: E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% g) m1 b+ ~8 H; m4 q! q, Lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 `: {; m$ U% H
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 T' K  G& m3 X: zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
, [$ A6 @# J6 f7 V3 b  b! Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3! S# ?, D! ^: x9 x8 X
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 ]1 ^% i7 n6 r0 b3 f, X9 K4 q- ~sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 ]% X: g/ p4 w( ]; G/ M* xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" y! E9 v9 h( l4 V& W5 o6 R
was in the differential diagnosis because his father, S# H, V: P0 l/ {2 @
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% q* @7 {- o" t& ?" V4 etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ ]$ L5 ]* q' [$ {0 `; f
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" P) [; F: h5 U- a  H/ U) U
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* g0 v5 v! {, s: N& u8 Ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 z3 ]. ]' T4 B2 peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! x& r8 c3 {+ R! H4 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* `& `2 v( W: i, ring the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 Q4 c$ Z- M2 I6 ?% cThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 s& ], i  I% Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because+ C2 r1 n$ R' Q6 W& O& Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( m* p6 p9 O' R5 b8 Jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 Z$ e* c$ |8 _# t! x
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 m$ y0 v" \( q( y( r! V
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 j* V* F. U4 @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ K: P+ B0 t/ ~/ z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ e, J4 G5 J5 ^) {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& \" x0 z! e  o* ?, d  s! t: R
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 V% J( f6 h$ B# ^! |! d! ISerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ U, `) {- i& Q( c2 R! Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to' }- [) c, \" K& r
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 w7 a" q, b3 R/ [0 R6 Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 K- N/ ?* m9 z9 z/ z/ K
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  m- z) E: s5 q0 d
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
9 a" X2 B9 X( {" z0 \3 E2 y' xwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 c7 h% M, A8 }* m+ Q& g+ }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ ]" l9 B' o9 r0 A5 c( p- Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 M% H# A# q2 d" t1 n$ nactive in young children exposed to testosterone5 e5 l+ V5 a  {% X0 F
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- A4 B; \0 ?7 s9 ^0 b- I9 X9 Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ X( \6 }' d# E% r* c0 B
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( p) m' c: m" Q2 F5 ]
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( Q( ?0 N* P, dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& B; A2 R) M9 S/ R$ l0 q  I
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# Y6 L1 ?. {: q" Nearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& }- ?: p+ V6 m0 l6 B2 ^* \+ n$ |  Yadult height are not fully known and always remain* l6 f  L6 P1 Z9 ?
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
% L, e. l- A+ [# u" a- Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 T. Z5 b, X9 a& |% dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" M/ q5 X* E* _3 S
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( _, \* V6 f& X# w# U- k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' b3 }/ a- r, b3 \# O8 wThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  \. i( g5 @5 E9 S1 {over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 K' S# C8 t3 p2 M
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, a/ K" C' ~$ u8 U) W
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! H9 {6 N$ }( }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. G  F4 c: @3 Z. G! @' K: B
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 v) `6 z: Z9 x% \
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# m0 \4 a9 U* }$ ]8 t# @  ypenile length in clinical studies./ N% T# P) ^. y5 A# J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ Z# p: j2 H8 L, l: Ygoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 k% g( |, a/ r" @$ W
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. u( s& w% n0 w3 [$ [
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: ~3 t$ h/ S6 D- v! y; EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of2 n8 i7 _( ~4 u+ ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 v: S3 T4 g3 W( u
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 y* O' P6 Q* K$ {height will not be affected.
1 f$ Z& \5 h( j, u4 S: SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ B" {/ o/ ^/ lability of androgen products in our society may
) N( [) w' M2 t. H# A2 ^indeed cause more virilization in male or female3 O9 e$ i6 g1 r) b
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. u2 M6 x) e7 ]; T' t& {9 z3 n
gen products must be considered and specific ques-& ~  z1 a" K1 O) e6 R+ B2 Y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  K9 Q8 @8 ~1 N$ t; U- @! Ogel should be asked of the family members during6 w. x3 s4 M+ B7 r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: }" b$ u, M) J/ w! _
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- G: r! l% C2 [6 mnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
& k7 n& t( g3 o4 `4 eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ x7 V/ u* p0 {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 Y' I9 Z/ D  C3 x
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 V- `, O+ Z4 M% {7 b
investigation. The primary care physician should be% h7 B, R& r$ c* s# ~9 o0 ?7 z
aware of this fact, because most of these children! i, _, g2 [+ d8 t
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; N2 P% r( d9 W- a& L3 f
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a  e1 u. W; g/ o( @( P+ G
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ s6 B+ ]- J3 a/ s! _  Qfemale child who might come in contact with some-. Z8 ?! b2 t$ r
one using any of these products.
% ^* T; o$ e# q& t7 t& t2 bReferences
0 k7 y( f& q* q- w- B1 d$ e1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 h; k. l  _) E
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 Q5 r. n& L2 U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 \9 x) y9 q4 s4 t
2002: 565-628.% {0 O. z  J. O
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' F5 P4 f- L8 ?' a8 I5 G8 y" C
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; I4 ^) J# {1 y/ qBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( L' F2 e* {$ r% C4 @- y2 \
Exposure to Testosterone
& F: x8 W' M% I: W  ~Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2! k& Q# E; r- b
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, r% f+ t2 p8 f8 x/ D$ U6 m
Clinical Pediatrics
6 V3 T, g3 ]1 |( PVolume 46 Number 6
/ y6 }$ _- a) @* c! l: f5 SJuly 2007 540-5431 v" j- ]; p2 p& w9 Z3 b9 }) E
© 2007 Sage Publications
* |( Y* \9 ~* O" {0 b, n10.1177/0009922806296651
$ g0 v: x; [/ b9 ?( f8 Hhttp://clp.sagepub.com
6 R: ]- h% I7 h8 Ahosted at
8 Q1 m( b1 b" V4 U8 Nhttp://online.sagepub.com6 a6 }: J+ H* z/ i! x2 G
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
4 F0 [5 z  P) {5 |& his a significant concern for physicians. Central
( X" @& ^8 J; d! L) R' O" vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated* y' r4 g6 P! _1 \
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 T4 L3 O; V5 l7 P7 n4 V( }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system( _! T, c( v: ?* B
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& k- e7 q6 c0 u/ m$ m2 wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 \! B' ~- B. f& t( }. Whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ y8 c0 P; n% v9 n" t, |% kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% `. W. l- Q- v' a3 o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 P, `2 M7 X# x) {  f
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; ^, h1 n- g% F( o, \3 M& Ement without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 S0 F( k  a. w, bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; z1 z$ t" a1 G1 i# mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 U" @* v6 Y5 s* Z8 M& n  Z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: v" H* h! E( o- B" T2 Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, Z+ N" M# m, E2 ^testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  p8 N/ p% e5 E+ [1 f3 \bly more common than the rare case report in the1 ]$ z, `7 \3 }( J" x
literature.4
; n% Z) E( W" K- P+ d/ rPatient Report9 n1 C2 @2 f4 G( D. i. n! t1 |5 _5 \
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) k" M1 b! Y! K6 n. }
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% E7 a  y2 m  ]2 ^
of early sexual development. His mother noticed) J- j3 P9 f4 C* u$ D5 o
light colored pubic hair development when he was
" q3 K' P: Q4 e% m! ~# o! rFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 J/ o- N# y$ W4 `
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 G, |) J2 a) ]1 `  ^& VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 I0 a, ^8 a. L1 K6 m& QProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 r$ N/ g5 R3 O) TMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ K4 T4 g) B# U1 Me-mail: [email protected].
# O' w/ O% G1 \0 labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 D2 Z$ S% o( X5 O- H$ K( Udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" U. ?7 m2 N# z$ B( [) s8 \- e& oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 |5 g1 I1 C& x/ `4 B6 `, ~. Fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ Z# i4 i0 ~( z, A
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# ?, ~7 m* \) H* A20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 z( @* Z' U& i1 n8 Z3 ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
1 a) V* Q# M# q6 R# ^solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
# J4 k# r4 B" d; s1 fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# g/ N& v9 f4 D& O, X. Gwas age appropriate.; y. D/ M4 j: }; q8 `% I; Z* z
The family history was remarkable for the father,
6 B/ j+ [; }# P) g$ G. bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% A, u* ]) _9 T# A& Nwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ G/ @: Z6 E" @9 r% Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 L9 \5 K, s2 n3 M4 N; Learly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! V0 n5 E$ ~& _: lThe father denied taking any other medication. The4 ^5 H+ J7 G+ ^( X1 v1 F6 [- U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) D, ^# I) L/ D3 Q  r5 Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: ]8 N4 _! I: m5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 S2 P, ^' Q6 \8 O0 s" I, rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  t& b+ q5 _9 M& t/ `( S5 g
tives. There were no siblings.) }' H# Q4 R9 V, K+ w) b+ X( o% Y
Physical Examination
7 g2 Y5 d5 X8 o$ y2 \The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 F  ]: k% d, d% |- n# h' ]playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 O2 k$ b. Q3 S+ g) ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 n- r+ y. E4 v
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
; H! h  ^# O+ Y/ M3 b1 t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ K0 {% h" H0 \3 U8 B) q
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
7 d6 _9 \9 H/ g" U+ s$ sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ E8 U) |( I' H% f' n/ ?
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; d; `" m8 ?8 h  r0 c
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 I3 g* A( N' q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& U: J, G3 ?% Y# C6 A6 x! Odeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 Q  w' H5 y: l6 y/ z& l& O
540
; v2 B; \6 y7 O5 e; m% ~% }& n) @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- r4 B5 Z9 `! ^, Q  Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& Z7 ]: B3 T& u
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 G! f3 D# ~& e# y6 _/ r1 @' Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
  n! v, @* G9 s! X/ _' m' ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 B" \$ `3 J: f+ j" n/ G7 Mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 [6 n; g8 j  `8 n- u$ ~Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ g+ E- [' ]9 C1 _4 P: |# Q* x$ hbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) P$ o% C& y0 [2 q$ C3 s1 u! B( B1 S5 K
of papilledema.7 A' O7 c' w4 R7 F( v! L
Laboratory Evaluation
8 L) D1 ?8 t+ r/ V+ m3 o+ SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 L' X& E+ ?) _: L/ J8 J
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-- |% Z2 _) k, `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
* Z$ k. A. c4 h3 q. Nkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, r7 s$ z- v# q9 L7 jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 x6 `# J# A8 |; E& blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) f1 }4 o5 O  R; ~' _# w2 P# b* K) w! H
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- e4 J- K) ?1 [8 m9 f  Gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 d, F5 x, X$ m0 S. }* w0 `within normal range for his age. The concentration: \) M4 E0 D6 ?* K/ h
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' N( a3 k/ Q" F5 A+ c
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% r  A1 c7 [6 c& ^* _' T9 z+ Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" _! A) l( l$ f6 J& [6 }terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- n6 I8 v. J7 @0 e% x4 @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: Y* V! W! K- w, H+ e: ^
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), W! G9 O! [. E# d4 r5 V
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 ?5 Z" X1 G9 R9 w2 l: h
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: E2 T* x* l# b. `testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),! c) `: V9 F0 K4 h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than2 ]; E5 P/ y: q1 s
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: G( {4 F" Y2 g) s
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% s" v4 G- b2 B6 X
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: P! U" Y! A; S0 @3 q( K(prepubertal).
& y5 j" y2 S3 T( @% s/ wThe parents were notified about the laboratory
7 }# `4 b% R1 x! B+ f- H" V. oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
% z/ M8 u' ?" D0 O: Q4 x2 c. j4 Cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The; A; s. j. H$ w- W) M0 X4 `
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ Y8 R/ u+ P! @
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-4 l2 n' y; r0 a! S+ _; _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( ]/ I. X2 m; r" T3 f
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
4 r1 `. y3 \8 _. U$ Vchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  J0 d1 z5 Q$ k$ J! C+ l! T# @2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* G9 u; o, W; t& B" o
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ P6 `$ M3 q/ O' X, l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& f& t' t9 h2 K3 @. p6 ]2 ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
; S% v: Q5 Z+ N3 |- i- U3 L, I; {  RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' ^2 m7 C' E3 t7 y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( r# ^# o2 j) a; ying frequent erections., x2 ]4 c. L1 K# w* O
Both parents were again questioned about use of" h3 [" D6 r- r' }" m2 h0 _
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# q- C( m# \; Rthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 J6 o$ c+ v, B" ?. {8 qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% a% S6 n& f/ F& duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, Y! l! _1 i5 r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 i" _1 q8 W4 d/ D  U0 N3 B
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' T+ h/ _3 Q) X3 _) q2 ?
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  m: l* s+ v7 {+ Nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido& ]+ E( F# Z( F( [8 k# ?# X
secondary to depression.' _2 M3 t  `* [9 q" P! k
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" X: R8 t0 m! }The father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 B5 w/ ^# K* u5 d% Y: o0 z% H( _
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 I, Y9 D) C% I" y0 p% ~) [nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 n) _9 b- k: |6 Z* r! F. d( r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,( t  m) I: B$ j# t7 H
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* @, Y  H/ W6 L3 e
was high, he then read the product information
- x' Y( `* E# |' cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; P7 X) }9 y5 pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they, O* ]) A0 e; ?5 o6 M, \
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' [) ]& P7 i! S0 R! K5 t; \$ D
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
6 E+ c( w- ^! Q3 o2 H- B, t% w. sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 u: A4 ^# {: f+ Z" N9 V  U' y' U
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; w" K  w4 D# W. M
laboratory to obtain the test.
8 a% h+ }2 V9 c0 l/ s  VDiscussion
9 Q( N$ w+ b5 B. K" uPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% r, }- Z9 L8 `6 r  t* }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: y7 ]6 W1 w+ `5 U" _: KPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when& Z& ^- p! A/ f) i% w
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" z/ _( c. e) W: Nthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 l* }% }  V" ?0 s5 e, k
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; ~' e% f# [* @8 {may have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 [) [' z2 o- S, ~" _" cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. o8 r5 k$ H5 ]
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-. w7 t5 F2 Q- S. N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# J- r% E; Q6 V- lboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& O( ]( ^! H" h+ V6 h. {
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* c) o9 x. l# Y6 G
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 b  v% {8 [0 D6 v7 [5 C7 \gonadotropins.1,3: @1 N! P: o6 k( k# m# D7 e/ Z
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ ~% M: v' {' ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate- _- y. z+ x- m6 O' f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: T% Z  M; t  m+ f$ P* K- p0 Xexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ m0 J" c5 A/ p3 B9 @! K
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
  a% o0 m- `5 a1 F% Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
2 W, `! X+ I1 T, I3 d6 t4 padrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* \' ?( W, X% F; N) j6 G$ qpuberty in boys.3,42 [, P4 O6 F5 V
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 |# ?7 K+ w" |: q* Ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. j7 G# B8 o0 L5 h  R4 [
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( j. T& y) j7 w" R( P0 f- [5 O' ^
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ E4 Q) E1 y4 A6 S: f- man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen* r* i: O7 k5 K
excess.1,3
% n7 w+ g6 q& I2 W0 Q! \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 k' U# l% Y1 u! ^/ @
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- C/ i8 B$ A  e$ bA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) ^" l% Y6 C6 b2 Cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
: S! t4 l' w1 H7 `as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a+ {, R/ s2 P- \$ k
very young age. The physical findings in these boys' p1 l& _* T3 W) |
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 ]7 a1 U" p' H4 O7 ~0 V+ J) ?/ ]including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 @! J8 R1 W+ i1 X  A
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 x* A& S( B" T  m$ D0 M' V% f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 L: L5 R# U; {' `  l* f% @pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: n) p1 Z2 I  j
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' i! o6 l2 C9 `. D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; F8 o3 L% w0 p' D- Z
males; therefore, other male members of the family
# b1 p! ~: p* x/ u9 [- D! m9 k% \may have similar precocious puberty.3
7 y: y9 ]+ N& V, P0 jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-+ `# e& z1 Z4 m$ X% t/ S. }1 Y" h5 M, G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& P( o# O5 [, J9 o
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 _4 J* z' q+ [- r& W; [5 L3 xwas in the differential diagnosis because his father* K2 ~# `$ @9 C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,: m( O3 L' K  q0 G
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
0 c+ k+ T8 @) N# X9 L, pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; e: m# t  @" W4 I9 y0 g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, h' b6 Y6 S' P; l8 k! g. l
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," j. x  T) S  |
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ \$ c. z" S; N. ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ @: _( G9 \6 w+ ]( e
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
  @+ j$ b9 Q1 f6 R' B/ K) ^4 C7 nThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 u) C; O2 d5 G5 m  K- p' x! U' @
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because4 I, U. z& k& J0 Q. h
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) G; c  G9 J2 ?8 Q! |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! _1 m3 }' I+ g; b$ L: L* ~) g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. z" s% ]2 Z8 @0 F' }terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' l* N! p, B# [, f) z0 n. C1 M7 o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’1 R; \$ ^3 I& Q7 [) o2 y( F$ w+ Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  c# v8 E& e& c( s# K
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 J0 F/ |( c8 l, d( g
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* j2 I. l' M: o; w% f( C2 e" s( K
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# j  ?# ^1 `/ tbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 ~' t$ ]* I: c' [3 Oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ Z0 `  e, U, O# U0 r( q8 npartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; l5 S+ e& e! v: [- A; E8 jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 O# a9 @" `+ e# ^3 xOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 X8 q# C  U  T# G- _& Z$ r
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that& u- A2 F) P" ?- {1 v- m
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- O9 a" |' F$ I7 @9 ?! wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more/ V1 F0 d! f0 x1 f( q/ k0 q1 n/ A
active in young children exposed to testosterone" I, ^5 S' E7 @4 Q3 D) [
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ f! W7 V, M  [! N9 G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  j3 j' z+ p) e2 ]1 \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 B- z. l2 \* E& z; |9 B1 ^2 S* Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! J2 t) {8 b, w7 u* N
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.: T9 o: y( l* O; s
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 ?" B9 E" [. U7 W
early childhood on pubertal development and final
& I% k+ ~5 U, `; {2 Qadult height are not fully known and always remain
6 n5 y, W$ f+ M* ?) y& ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* c. v; y) l- c; @$ z, N
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! Y; H' Y  }5 y$ e, m
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% [7 F6 W$ b+ F8 y' dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* t% ]$ [2 b2 ]# {% N4 ?0 H
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 A. B( G% m( H
There are conflicting reports and controversy
9 _5 M$ q/ T! g( H/ A9 a7 U0 vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 e$ K# ~' u' Y& A4 @( cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 Q+ ^. X! t/ X. h- l
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ V* b1 L# C$ {' M* S
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
0 k5 y" B( [7 d. N9 Q# a9 aSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 ]: G, W8 [  L! {; y' p
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' U" f% s2 F5 l3 O/ Upenile length in clinical studies.+ V* ^9 C) L  Y/ q6 ]. X
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 R9 ^% d+ g  ^; q% V7 g+ ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from! {- O+ ]) ^0 m7 \
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 L. L3 P0 @& w; @
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 d( ]( R+ M: e# r) L
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
: Z- M3 ^5 Q) L2 c% D9 H2 Idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 S3 v# j- u. @7 |  Othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
% E/ H7 H( I; D$ d' W" Dheight will not be affected.! ~0 B) b% y) L% u
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 j/ [8 Y$ w, [* J# s! R/ yability of androgen products in our society may
! |8 S$ T( {* }% I/ l1 I" Hindeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 O7 `6 s' `) ?: I( ]% k1 j8 r' S+ d+ @children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( I% J$ v6 g8 h" \gen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 |2 R. e! t0 ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or  G/ r; H& m" b  s9 L
gel should be asked of the family members during
# _2 ^  h. v: F/ V& N6 cthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ O9 C; h$ k; [# S) kilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! t6 b' W& K1 @3 r& Knosis can be established by just a few tests and by) _  J/ _- b( I$ e5 W
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- l( |* G6 v$ w5 x6 Nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, |% }/ t( r8 k' N5 @$ ]% c
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' r  D" f# G0 I/ [: s7 Yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be( {# Q1 j% A# r4 d& D4 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children
3 {6 ]7 G% e: Z6 C# |( h/ Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 S: C: V4 n: ~3 f  yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a( m3 p. Q& p. c$ Y$ y& I
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or; R1 f" k( A9 y5 r6 k- k/ r
female child who might come in contact with some-  y% f* c( ^; ~/ M+ s" t% u. P
one using any of these products.
+ o; ~$ g3 r* V( }3 AReferences
5 b% A  u. k* }0 N1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, `$ h7 @9 o( t3 w
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' R% Y! N  _6 Q4 s8 Y) W6 y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) J8 W# v/ I& H6 ~8 z. K
2002: 565-628.
$ W! Z) v, `9 c, i9 {* G2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ I& J9 I* R' D+ p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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